(PVC) sanannen thermoplastic ne wanda ba shi da wari, mai ƙarfi, gaggautsa, kuma gabaɗaya fari a launi.A halin yanzu an sanya shi azaman filastik na uku da aka fi amfani dashi a duniya (a bayan polyethylene da polypropylene).An fi amfani da PVC a aikace-aikacen famfo da magudanar ruwa, ko da yake ana siyar da ita a cikin nau'i na pellets ko a matsayin resin a cikin foda.
Amfani da PVC
Amfani da PVC ya fi yawa a cikin masana'antar gine-ginen gida.Ana amfani da shi akai-akai azaman maye ko madadin bututun ƙarfe (musamman jan karfe, galvanized karfe, ko simintin ƙarfe), kuma a yawancin aikace-aikacen da lalata na iya yin lahani ga ayyuka da haɓaka farashin kulawa.Baya ga aikace-aikacen zama, ana kuma amfani da PVC akai-akai don ayyukan gundumomi, masana'antu, soja, da kasuwanci.
Gabaɗaya, PVC ya fi sauƙin aiki tare da bututun ƙarfe.Ana iya yanke shi zuwa tsayin da ake so tare da kayan aikin hannu mai sauƙi.Ba dole ba ne a yi waldi na kayan aiki da magudanan bututu.Ana haɗa bututu tare da amfani da haɗin gwiwa, siminti mai ƙarfi, da manne na musamman.Wata fa'idar PVC ita ce, wasu samfuran da aka ƙara masu filastik suna da laushi kuma suna da sauƙi, sabanin kasancewa masu tsauri, suna sauƙaƙe shigarwa.Hakanan ana amfani da PVC sosai a cikin nau'ikan sassauƙa da tsayayyen tsari azaman rufi don abubuwan lantarki kamar waya da kebul.
A cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya, ana iya samun PVC ta hanyar bututun ciyarwa, jakunkuna na jini, jakunkuna na jijiya (IV), sassan na'urorin dialysis, da tarin sauran abubuwa.Ya kamata a lura cewa irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen suna yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da aka ƙara phthalates-sinadaran da ke samar da matakan sassauƙa na PVC da sauran robobi-a cikin tsarin PVC.
Kayayyakin mabukaci na yau da kullun irin su ruwan sama, jakunkuna na filastik, kayan wasan yara na yara, katunan kuɗi, hoses ɗin lambu, firam ɗin ƙofa da taga, da labulen shawa - don suna kawai wasu abubuwan da wataƙila za ku iya samu a cikin gidan ku—an yi su daga PVC a ciki wani nau'i ko wani.
Yadda ake yin PVC
Duk da yake robobi tabbas kayan mutum ne, manyan sinadarai guda biyu da ke shiga cikin PVC-gishiri da mai-na halitta ne.Don yin PVC, abu na farko da za ku yi shi ne raba ethylene, abin da aka samu na iskar gas, daga abin da aka sani da "abincin abinci."A cikin masana'antar sinadarai, man fetur shine tushen abincin da aka zaɓa don yawancin sinadarai, ciki har da methane, propylene, da butane.(Kayan abinci na halitta sun haɗa da algae, wanda shine abincin abinci na yau da kullun don makamashin hydrocarbon, tare da masara da rake, waɗanda duka madadin abinci ne na ethanol.)
Don ware ethanol, man fetur na ruwa yana dumama a cikin tanderun tururi kuma a sanya shi cikin matsanancin matsin lamba (tsari da ake kira thermal cracking) don kawo canje-canje a cikin nauyin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kayan abinci.Ta hanyar canza nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ana iya gano ethylene, a raba, da girbe.Da zarar an yi haka, sai a sanyaya zuwa yanayin ruwan sa.
Sashe na gaba na tsari ya haɗa da cire sinadarin chlorine daga gishiri a cikin ruwan teku.Ta hanyar wucewa da ƙarfin wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwan gishiri (electrolysis), ana ƙara ƙarin electron a cikin kwayoyin chlorine, sake ba da damar gano su, raba, da fitar da su.
Yanzu kuna da manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.
Lokacin da ethylene da chlorine suka hadu, sinadarai da suke samarwa suna haifar da ethylene dichloride (EDC).EDC tana aiwatar da tsari na fashewar thermal na biyu, wanda bi da bi, yana samar da vinyl chloride monomer (VCM).Bayan haka, VCM ɗin yana wucewa ta hanyar injin da ke ɗauke da kuzari, wanda ke sa ƙwayoyin VCM su haɗu tare (polymerization).Lokacin da kwayoyin VCM suka haɗu, kuna samun resin PVC-tushe na duk mahadi na vinyl.
An ƙirƙiri madaidaicin madaidaicin al'ada, sassauƙa, ko haɗaɗɗen mahaɗan vinyl ta hanyar haɗawa da resin tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan filastik, masu daidaitawa, da masu gyara don cimma abubuwan da ake so waɗanda suka haɗa da komai daga launi, rubutu, da sassauci zuwa dorewa a cikin matsanancin yanayi da yanayin UV.
Amfanin PVC
PVC abu ne mai rahusa wanda ba shi da nauyi, maras nauyi, kuma gabaɗaya mai sauƙin ɗauka da shigarwa.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan polymers, tsarin sarrafa shi bai iyakance ga amfani da ɗanyen mai ko iskar gas ba.(Wasu suna jayayya cewa wannan ya sa PVC ya zama "roba mai dorewa" tun da ba ya dogara da nau'ikan makamashi da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.)
Har ila yau PVC yana da ɗorewa kuma ba ya shafar lalacewa ko wasu nau'o'in lalacewa, don haka, ana iya adana shi na dogon lokaci.Ana iya jujjuya tsarin sa cikin sauƙi zuwa nau'i daban-daban don amfani a cikin masana'antu da aikace-aikace iri-iri, wanda tabbataccen ƙari ne.Har ila yau, PVC yana da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, wanda shine muhimmin mahimmanci lokacin da aka yi amfani da kayayyakin PVC a cikin mahalli masu nau'in sinadarai daban-daban.Wannan yanayin yana ba da garantin cewa PVC yana kula da kaddarorinsa ba tare da yin canje-canje masu mahimmanci ba lokacin da aka gabatar da sinadarai.Sauran fa'idodin sun haɗa da:
● Daidaitawar halittu
● Tsara da bayyana gaskiya
● Juriya ga fashewar damuwa na sinadarai
● Ƙarƙashin haɓakar thermal
● Yana buƙatar kaɗan ko rashin kulawa
A matsayin thermoplastic, PVC za a iya sake yin fa'ida kuma a canza shi zuwa sabbin samfura don masana'antu daban-daban, kodayake saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake amfani da su don kera PVC, ba koyaushe ba ne mai sauƙi.
Rashin amfani da PVC
PVC na iya ƙunsar kusan 57% chlorine.Carbon-wanda aka samo daga kayan man fetur-ana yawan amfani da shi wajen kera shi.Saboda gubar da za a iya fitar da ita yayin kerawa, lokacin da aka fallasa wuta, ko kuma yayin da take rubewa a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, wasu masu bincike na kiwon lafiya da masu kula da muhalli sun yi amfani da PVC a matsayin "roba mai guba."
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar PVC har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ta kididdiga ba, duk da haka, waɗannan gubobi suna da alaƙa da yanayin da suka haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga ciwon daji ba, ci gaban tayin tayi, rushewar endocrine, asma, da raguwar aikin huhu.Yayin da masana'antun ke nuna babban abun ciki na gishiri na PVC a matsayin na halitta kuma ba shi da lahani, kimiyya ta nuna cewa sodium-tare da sakin dioxin da phthalate-a gaskiya ne abubuwan da za su iya haifar da haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar lafiyar PVC.
Future na PVC Plastics
Damuwa game da haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da PVC kuma sun haifar da bincike game da amfani da ethanol mai sukari don ciyar da abinci maimakon naphtha (mai mai ƙonewa da aka samu ta bushewar bushewar gawayi, shale, ko mai).Ana gudanar da ƙarin karatu akan masu amfani da robobi masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta tare da manufar ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da ba su da phthalate.Duk da yake waɗannan gwaje-gwajen har yanzu suna cikin matakan farko na su, bege shine haɓaka ƙarin nau'ikan PVC masu ɗorewa don rage tasirin mummunan tasiri akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli yayin samarwa, amfani, da zubar da matakan.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-07-2022